Climate-Resilient Fish Farming and Household Adaptation in Flood-Prone Northeastern Bangladesh

Abstract

Climate change is disrupting hydrological stability in northeastern Bangladesh, particularly affecting small-scale aquaculture in flood-prone areas like Osmaninagar Upazila. This study examines the adoption of climate-resilient aquaculture practices and their impacts on pond productivity, species diversity, and adaptive benefits for smallholder households. A cross-sectional study involving 300 randomly chosen pond-owning households was conducted, utilizing structured interviews to gather data on socio-demographics, pond characteristics, management and stocking methods, and production reports over the previous year. Analysis revealed substantial improvements in pond management following the adoption of climate-resilient practices. Initially, most households engaged in minimal pre-stocking management and relied on naturally recruited fish. Post-adoption changes included over 90% of households liming their ponds before stocking, approximately two-thirds using fertilizers regularly, and almost all constructing shrub or brush park structures for habitat enhancement. The average annual production from primary ponds increased from approximately 42 kg to 80 kg per household, with yields per decimal nearly doubling. Households with higher scores in practice adoption exhibited significantly greater productivity and species diversity (p < 0.05), incorporating carps, tilapia, and various nutrient-rich small indigenous species. Nevertheless, challenges persisted, including irregular fingerling supply, limited technical knowledge, and ongoing climate threats. The results suggest that climate resilient aquaculture can transform underutilized flooded ponds into productive and nutritious resources. However, sustaining these benefits depends on continuous technical support, improved input and service markets, and the integration of aquaculture into local climate adaptation frameworks.