Public Health, Risk Perception, and Governance Challenges in the 2025 Los Angeles Wildfires: Evidence from a Community-Based Survey

Abstract

The January 2025 wildfires in Southern California, notably the Palisades and Eaton Fires, were among the most catastrophic in the state's history, leading to nearly 18,000 structural losses, extensive evacuations, and considerable public health repercussions. This study examines the social, psychological, and policy-related effects of these wildfires via a mixed-methods survey of 90 residents impacted by or near the events. Participants indicated elevated incidences of smoke-related health complications (52%), psychological discomfort (45%), and property or financial losses (35%), with several individuals demonstrating diminished faith in governmental response systems. Awareness of wildfire dangers was moderate; nonetheless, preparatory behaviours, such as establishing evacuation plans, were adopted inconsistently. Confidence in official communication was significantly diminished among historically marginalised populations. Nonetheless, a majority expressed a readiness to engage in community-driven mitigation efforts, encompassing educational programmes and Firewise USA techniques. The study's results correspond with and enhance current literature on climate-induced fire regimes, emphasising deficiencies in prevention-focused governance, mental health interventions, and risk communication. The statistics further underscore the importance of including Indigenous fire stewardship and locally informed preparedness strategies. This research provides timely, community-based evidence to enhance wildfire resilience strategies and facilitates a shift towards more equitable and adaptive fire control systems in California and other high-risk areas.